![]() Male Black Francolins are particularly conspicuous for their black underparts, often boldly spotted or streaked with white, prominent white cheeks, and chestnut neck collar. There are 41 species in the genus Francolinus, five of which are limited to Asia and the remainder to Africa (14,15). They may be found worldwide, from the high Himalayan peaks to the deep rain forests of Southeast Asia. All of this family's birds are wild and are called the same name as the male and female as well as they rely on the grains as food (Graniivorous) (10-13). The Black Francolin, Francolinus francolinus (Linnaeus 1766), known as the black partridge, is a medium-sized game bird that belongs to the Phasianidae family of the order Galliformes and has a global distribution. Tapeworms may lead to the death of their hosts, especially when the infection is severe (9). Inflammation is the most common host reaction to cestode infection, and it appears to be most severe when the host and parasite are in contact for an extended period (7,8). ![]() Adult cestodes may cause damage to the gizzard lining (Gastrotaenia), intestinal blockage, localized damage to the intestinal wall at the site of attachment, or irritation of the intestinal lining. Tapeworms infect more than 1700 of the approximately 4000 nominal species of birds (6). Parasitic worms disrupt the digestion and absorption of foods (5). More than 1400 species of tapeworms have been described in domestic and wild birds many are harmless or have mild pathogenicity (3,4). Cestoda is the name given to a class of parasitic flatworms of the phylum Platyhelminthes (2). francolinus were recorded for the first time in Iraq.īirds are hosts to a variety of parasitic worms that have complex life cycles, and most of the time, they act as the definitive host (1). This is the first study in Iraq to diagnose Cestoda in birds by molecular methods, where five species of cestoda parasitic on F. hymenolepidoides, Ophryocotyloides dasi, Rodentolepis nana and Hydatigera parva based on the COI gene regions. Phylogenetic analysis supported the placement of this species within three families, Davaineidae, Taeniidae, and Hymenolepididae, with close relationships to the previously described species of Raillietina sp., R. This revealed a close identification of up to 93.44-100% for COI gene regions with other cestoda species obtained from GenBank. Molecular diagnosis based on sequences of cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene regions was performed to confirm the diagnosis of this cestoda. francolinus were examined for the presence of cestoda, of which 17 birds (48.57%) were infected with cestoda parasites. The current study was conducted from January to October 2019 to determine the Cestoda infections within F. Considering it as a local bird in Asia, it was referred to as the black partridge. The Black Francolin belongs to the Phasianidae family of pheasants and, in the order Galliformes, the gallinaceous birds, and it is called Francolinus francolinus. Cestodes or tapeworms (Class Cestoda, phylum Platyhelminthes) are widespread parasites of birds, as they cause various damages, which may lead to the death of their hosts, especially when the infection is severe.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |